Polyethylene Glycol Drug-Eluting Embolic Microspheres Loaded with Doxorubicin for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Feasibility, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Study

Purpose Polyethylene glycol drug-eluting microspheres (PEG-DEMs) can be loaded to elute doxorubicin. The current study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile and safety of PEG-DEMs in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods The current prospective, multicenter, dose-escalation study enrolled 25 patients (68% men) with early or intermediate stage HCC and a performance status of 0. Patients in Cohort I were assigned to receive target doxorubicin doses of 75, 100, or 150 mg. Analyses were performed on the basis of the specific dose of doxorubicin that the patients received because some patients received less than the assigned dose. Patients in Cohort II received the maximum safe tested dose. Adverse events were classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03. The tumor response was evaluated every 3 months according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Results The maximum tested safe dose of doxorubicin was 150 mg. For the groups that received ≤75, 75–100, and 101–150 mg of doxorubicin, the peak plasma concentrations were 286.7 ng/mL ± 220.1, 157.1 ng/mL ± 94.6, and 245.4 ng/mL ± 142.8, respectively; the areas under the curves calculated from 0 to 24 h were 421.7 (ng × h)/mL ± 221.2, 288.1 (ng × h)/mL ± 100.9, and 608.3 (ng × h)/mL ± 319.3, respectively, with almost complete clearance at 24 h. There was no death within 30 d. The best objective response rate was 81%, and the disease control rate was 91%. The median overall survival was 27.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.5 months to not evaluated [n.e.]); the median progression-free survival was 9.8 months (95% CI, 5.5 months to n.e.). Conclusions PEG-DEMs demonstrated a favorable safety profile with low systemic concentration of doxorubicin, and promising efficacy.