The platformization of care in Spain

There is a growing literature that highlights the transformative role of platforms in reorganizing markets, reshaping commercial practices, altering labour relations, influencing consumer behaviour, and challenging regulatory frameworks ( International Labour Organization [ILO], 2021 ; Kenney & Zysman, 2016 ; Kenney et al., 2019 ; Srnicek, 2016 ). This literature has predominantly focused on already successful information and social media platforms. Few studies have addressed the analysis of dynamic processes of platformization ( Seibt, 2024 ), and their attention has primarily been directed toward male-dominated online work and delivery and ride-hailing services, which seem to replicate similar organizational logics across regions. In contrast, platforms providing domestic and care services are highly institutionally embedded, adapting to national healthcare ecosystems and care regimes in which they operate through the development of distinct business models ( Rodríguez-Modroño, 2024 ), while at the same time reconfiguring the sector ( Rodríguez-Modroño, 2025 ). The business models followed by platforms are dependent on the care ecosystem in which they are embedded.