In Situ Electrochemical Fabrication of Photoreactive Ag–Cu Bimetallic Nanocomposite Coating and Its Antibacterial-Osteogenic Synergy

significantly enhance the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), with optical density reaching 1.49 after 7 days of culture. Additionally, osteogenic differentiation is promoted, as evidenced by a 2.9-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and a 2.1-fold increase in calcium nodule formation. Western blot analysis further confirmed that the coating induces the high expression of Runx2 via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby driving osteogenesis. This study presents a strategy for the development of smart implants with both efficient antibacterial and bone integration capabilities.