Dopamine detection and integration in neuromorphic devices for applications in artificial intelligence

Neuromorphic devices that aim to revolutionize diverse fields, such as artificial intelligence systems, brain-inspired computing, and neuroprosthetics, by efficiently processing complex data have emerged as promising hardware solutions for replicating the computational capabilities of the human brain. However, current neuromorphic technologies primarily rely on electrical signals, while the critical role of neurotransmitter-mediated signaling in synaptic communication is forgotten. Dopamine (DA), a key neurotransmitter, is involved in cognitive processes and emotional regulation, necessitating real-time monitoring for understanding neurological disorders and potential treatments. To provide a perspective for the development of neurotransmitter-involved neuromorphic devices, this review examines DA detection methods along with their integration into neuromorphic devices. We review neuromorphic devices engineered to emulate and replicate these characteristic biological processes, presenting state-of-the-art examples. Finally, by discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with this integration, we offer insights into the advancement of intelligent and advanced neuromorphic systems.