Small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells loaded with β-nicotinamide mononucleotide activate NAD+/SIRT3 signaling pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy to delay skin aging

Overall, our findings revealed a mechanism by which NMN-sEVs attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and rescued cellular senescence by promoting NAD⁺/SIRT3 pathway-mediated mitophagy and might provide a promising strategy for anti-aging pharmaceuticals.