Trace amount CuII (ppm) and mixture design of CuII/PdII catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions based on the cooperative interaction of metal with a conjugated pyridylspirobifluorene

The multilayers of PEI-(Cu/psf)_ncould be capable of gradually discharging highly active catalytic moieties to promote the C–C coupling reactions with ultra low Cu-loadings of 1.4 × 10⁻⁵mol%.