Nanozymes in Analytical Chemistry: From in vitro Detection to Live Bioassays

Nanozymes, the catalytic nanomaterials w ith enzyme-like properties, have attracted enormous interests in recent years. They have been used for wide range applications from biosensing and bioimaging to therapeutics and environmental protection. In this review, we highlighted the recent progress of nanozymes in analytical applications. We first discussed the in vitro applications, which covered the detection of bioactive small molecules, nucleic acids, protein biomarkers, cells, etc. We then discussed the in vivo applications, which included the monitoring of bioactive small molecules in live brains and tumor tissues, the study of drug efficacy, and the investigation of drug and nanozyme metabolism, etc. Finally, we concluded the potential challenges of nanozymes when applying to analytical chemistry and prospected future directions.