Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles’ Power Sources

In this paper, various modern power engines developed by the American, Japanese, and European automobile industries will be compared. Specific data, including the efficiency, emission rate of nitrogen oxides (NOx), fuel consumption, and electronic vehicle technology, will be developed. Since the first invention of the automobile engine in the late 19th century, companies came up with unique innovations, including its structure, control systems, and additional mechanical installations to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. Numerous companies, including Ford, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz, compete in the automobile industry to improve their engine’s efficiency and emission rates to create a clean environment. In addition, each country has its regulations on emission rates and automobile structure. Therefore, to meet these regulations, the structure and the system of the engines vary between companies in different countries. A variety of variable valve timing (VVT) systems, which is a mechanical part installed in the engine, are being developed by several companies. The VVT controls the opening and closing of the air inlet valve and the exhaust valve, which improves the reduction of fuel consumption and thermal efficiency. Furthermore, changing the engine structure is also another method that automobile companies are developing. Changing the engine’s shape can improve the vehicle’s performance (e.g., the engine vibration while running, the power output, and the smoothness of driving). Due to the emissions caused by petrol and diesel engines, the electrified vehicles have been developing to achieve a cleaner environment. This includes battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. By comparing these features in the engine, it is possible to understand what the companies in the US, Japan, and the European countries are working on to improve their engines and provide a clean environment.