Cancer stem‐like cells with hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype leading the collective invasion

Abstract Collective invasion of cancer cells is the key process of circulating tumor cell (CTC) cluster formation, and greatly contributes to metastasis. Cancer stem‐like cells (CSC) have a distinct advantage of motility for metastatic dissemination. To verify the role of CSC in the collective invasion, we performed 3D assays to investigate the collective invasion from cancer cell spheroids. The results demonstrated that CSC can significantly promote both collective and single‐cell invasion. Further study showed that CSC prefer to move outside and lead the collective invasion. More interestingly, approximately 60% of the leader CSC in collective invasion co–expressed both epithelial and mesenchymal genes, while only 4% co–expressed in single invasive CSC, indicating that CSC with hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype play a key role in cancer cell collective invasion.