Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Nanorods Promote Bone Regeneration via Accelerating Osteogenesis of BMSCs through T Cell-Derived IL-22

Manipulations of morphological properties of nanobiomaterials have been demonstrated to modulate the outcome of osteoimmunomodulation and eventually osteogenesis through innate immune response. However, the functions and mechanisms of adaptive immune cells in the process of nanobiomaterials-mediated bone regeneration have remained unknown. Herein, we developed bone-mimicking hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanorods with different aspect ratios as model materials to investigate the impacts of the nanoshape features on osteogenesis and to explore the underlying mechanisms focusing on the functions of T cells and T cell-derived cytokines. HAp nanorods with different aspect ratios (HAp-0, HAp-30, and HAp-100) were implanted into mouse mandibular defect models. Micro-CT and hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated that HAp-100 had the best osteogenic effects. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that HAp-100 increased the percentage of T cells in injured mandibles. The osteogenic effects of HAp-100 were significantly blunted in injured mandibles of TCRβ–/– mice. The Luminex xMAP assay and ELISA showed that HAp-100 induced a marked increase of interleukin (IL)-22 in injured mandibles. In cultured T cells, HAp-100 manifested the best capacity to induce the production of IL-22. Conditioned media from HAp-100-primed T cells promoted osteogenesis and JAK1/STAT3 activation in bone marrow stromal cells, all of which were abolished by neutralizing antibodies against IL-22. In summary, bone-mimicking HAp nanorods with different aspect ratios could regulate osteogenesis through modulation of T cells and IL-22 in the bone regeneration process. These findings provided insights for mediation of the immune response of T cells by nanomaterials on osteogenesis and strategies for designing biomaterials with osteoimmunomodulative functions.