Differential Association of COPD Subtypes With Cardiovascular Events and COPD Exacerbations

The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and ratio of the pulmonary artery to aorta diameters (PA:A ratio) measured from chest CT scans have been established as predictors of cardiovascular events and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, respectively. However, little is known about the reciprocal relationship between these predictors and outcomes. Furthermore, the prognostic implications of COPD subtypes on clinical outcomes remain insufficiently characterized.