Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels mitigate diabetic nephropathy by regulating Nrf2 pathway and mitocyhondrial dysfunction: In vitro and in vivo studies

Hyperglycemia in diabetes increases the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through non-enzymatic reactions. The interaction between AGEs and their receptors (RAGE) leads to oxidative and inflammatory stress, which plays a pivotal role in developing diabetic nephropathy. Syzygium cumini (SC) L. (DC.) homeopathic preparations viz. (200C, 30C, and mother tincture [MT]) are used to treat diabetes.