BPL3 binds the long non-coding RNA <i>nalncFL7</i> to suppress <i>FORKED-LIKE7</i> and modulate HAI1-mediated MPK3/6 dephosphorylation in plant immunity

Abstract RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in a diverse set of biological processes in plants, but their functions and underlying mechanisms in plant–pathogen interactions are largely unknown. We previously showed that Arabidopsis thaliana BPA1-LIKE PROTEIN3 (BPL3) belongs to a conserved plant RBP family and negatively regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death under biotic stress. In this study, we demonstrate that BPL3 suppresses FORKED-LIKE7 (FL7) transcript accumulation and raises levels of the cis-natural antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of FL7 (nalncFL7). FL7 positively regulated plant immunity to Phytophthora capsici while nalncFL7 negatively regulated resistance. We also showed that BPL3 directly binds to and stabilizes nalncFL7. Moreover, nalncFL7 suppressed accumulation of FL7 transcripts. Furthermore, FL7 interacted with HIGHLY ABA-INDUCED PP2C1 (HAI1), a type 2C protein phosphatase, and inhibited HAI1 phosphatase activity. By suppressing HAI1 activity, FL7 increased the phosphorylation levels of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MPK3) and MPK6, thus enhancing immunity responses. BPL3 and FL7 are conserved in all plant species tested, but the BPL3–nalncFL7–FL7 cascade was specific to the Brassicaceae. Thus, we identified a conserved BPL3–nalncFL7–FL7 cascade that coordinates plant immunity.