Continuous infiltration and evolutionary trajectory of nuclear organelle DNA inOryza

, and both double-strand break repair pathways and replication-based mechanisms play important roles in integrating organelle DNA into the nuclear genome. Further investigation indicates that complex NORGs are formed through single mutational events before or during the insertion process via ligation of multiple plastid and/or mitochondrial DNA with each other. In summary, this work provides novel insights into the process of endosymbiotic DNA transfer and its role in reshaping genome variation and plant genome evolution.