Advances in plant-derived vesicle like nanoparticles-based therapies for inflammatory diseases

Dysregulated inflammatory reactions can result in detrimental effects to the body, thereby causing various diseases. Traditional treatments relying on anti-inflammatory drugs or nanoformulations often undermine the body's physiological immune functions or potentially exhibit biotoxicity. Extracellular vesicles, which contain a diverse array of anti-inflammatory substances and possess nanomedicine transport properties, are emerging as highly promising candidates for next-generation drug delivery systems and active biological agents. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) are nanostructured particles isolated from plants. Given their wide availability and low immunogenicity, PDVLNs are considered to hold great potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases (IDs). In this review, we introduce the principle, design consideration and treatment mechanism associated with PDVLNs in treating various IDs. Specifically, the natural ingredients carried by PDVLNs not only help eliminate danger signals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, but also hinder the initiation of inflammatory responses through various mechanisms. Moreover, engineered PDVLNs nanotechnology has been successfully employed in the treatment of IDs. Finally, the review discusses the current opportunities and challenges in this field and provides insights for the future clinical applications of PDVLNs in treating IDs.