On-the-Market Air Suspension Systems for Passenger Cars

<div>This article conducts a thorough review of contemporary air suspension systems on the market for passenger cars. The evolution of suspension structures and control methodologies are briefly discussed. The layout of air suspension systems is introduced in detail, with each component receiving a comprehensive description and analysis. The open-loop and closed-loop arrangements are explained. Various types of air springs are discussed and compared. The sensory system, special working conditions, and failure analysis are also elaborated. In the case studies, some example models are listed to show a complete guide of how air suspension is implemented on passenger cars, which includes functionalities, air spring configurations, control methods, signal flow, service modes, and diagnostic messages. The major sources are OEMs’ official websites and previously released documents, such as user manuals and maintenance manuals, which are valid up to April 2023. Finally, the article concludes with a forward-looking discussion on the future application of air suspension.</div>