NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ nanorod/TiO 2 mesoporous films for enhanced dye sensitized solar cells

NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ nanorods embedded in TiO 2 photoanodes boost dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency greatly. Optimal 1.0 wt% annealed nanorods enhance charge separation and upconversion, outperforming conventional TiO 2 -based cells.