Risk Factors Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Urban Population of China: A Nationwide, Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study

To assess the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in the urban Chinese population. The study was conducted from March to November 2023, including 12,902 urban participants aged 18-60 years across 52 cities distributed over 26 provinces in China. Risk factors included socioeconomic status, lifestyles, and public understanding. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate corrected odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). According to multivariate logistic regression, risk factors associated with significantly higher H. pylori infection rates included residency in developing (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13-1.43) and undeveloped cities (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29), obesity (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.78), alcohol consumption (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.29), tea consumption (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.21), and soft drink consumption (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.09-1.40). Conversely, individuals with moderate awareness (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.88) and high awareness (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.48-0.69) of H. pylori had lower infection rates. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle and improving the understanding of H. pylori in reducing the infection rate of the bacterial pathogen in the urban Chinese population.