Deep learning for prognostic stratification and biomarker exploration in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

This prior knowledge-guided deep learning system significantly improves OS prediction and risk stratification in UTUC by integrating multiscale pathological features. The AI-driven, interpretable tool offers an objective approach for prognostic assessment and biomarker discovery, with strong potential to refine personalized UTUC management and enhance prognostic accuracy.