Upconversion fluorescence immunochromatographic assay for highly sensitive and rapid detection of ovarian function indicators: follicle-stimulating hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone

for AMH. Moreover, it demonstrated remarkable performance in serum sample testing, yielding a recovery range of 92.56-97.80%, with coefficients of variation below 10%. Additionally, the assay offers qualitative visual analysis using upconversion green fluorescence, meeting the needs of both clinicians and home-based patient assessments. In summary, the method we developed provides robust technical support for clinical ovarian function assessments.