Electrochemical Intercalation Behaviors of Lithium Ions into Graphene-Like Graphite

Electrochemical intercalation behaviors of lithium ions into graphene-like graphite (GLG) were investigated at high cell voltages. The interlayer spacing of GLG started to increase at much higher cell voltages than that needed for graphite. It stepwisely increased at a decrease in the cell voltages, indicating the staging phenomenon. The thermodynamic considerations suggested that the strong interaction between oxygen atoms introduced in GLG and lithium ions is responsible for the formation of intercalation compounds of desolvated lithium ions. The interlayer distance of GLG was more important than the content of oxygen in it for the decreased separation energy of carbon layers and, accordingly, for the onset voltage of the intercalation of lithium ions into it. The intercalation of desolvated lithium ions into GLG was achieved even in an electrolyte solution containing dimethoxyethane in which solvents are co-intercalated into graphite.