Does The Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium CF. Nagasakiense Produce Cytotoxins?

The naked dinoflagellate Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense is responsible for red tides frequently associated with mortality of marine organisms in North European waters during summer (see reviews by Tangen, 1977 and Partensky & Sournia, 1986). This species is currently referred to as Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt in the literature, since its first occurrence in Norwegian waters in 1966 (Braarud & Heimdal, 1970). However, it was recently found to be morphologically closer to the Japanese bloom-forming species Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama & Adachi than to the original Gyrodinium aureolum (Partensky et al ., 1988).