Double‐Layer Multifunctional Sponge Constructed by Gel‐Spray System and the Application in Rapid Hemostasis of Non‐Compressible Hemorrhage

Non-compressible hemorrhage is a prevalent and life-threatening traumatic injury. Although significant progress is made in the development of hemostatic materials, there are still some major challenges, including poor hemostatic efficacy, potential tissue damage, and the risk of postoperative infection. In this study, a gel-spray system double-layer hemostatic sponge (GSD) is developed. GSD is formed by primary cross-linking of dopamine and secondary cross-linking of glutaraldehyde to produce an inner layer, and by surface spraying of active ingredients to produce an outer layer. To simulate non-compressible hemorrhage, we comprehensively evaluated the material using five different rat hemorrhage models. GSD exhibited excellent hemostatic effects in the above experiments. Specifically, in the femoral artery transection model, it significantly reduced bleeding time from 207.6 to 118.0 s and blood loss from 1417.4 to 789.8 mg. In the liver injury model, GSD reduced bleeding time by over 60% and blood loss by more than 50%. Additionally, GSD demonstrated powerful wound healing properties, with the experimental group showing a wound healing rate of over 80% by 7th day, and significantly promoting the formation of new blood vessels. GSD also has multifunctions such as antibacterial, anti-adhesion, and biodegradability.