Synthesis and catalytic performance of hierarchically porous catalysts during pyrolysis of lipids to produce liquid hydrocarbons: A review

Lipids represent a crucial and promising source of alternative liquid hydrocarbons through catalytic pathways. However, catalytic performance of catalysts has been hindered by issues such as coking and low selectivity towards hydrocarbons with desirable carbon distribution. This review critically examines the establishment and application of hierarchically porous structures in catalytic pyrolysis of lipids, exploring their potential as an innovative approach in renewable energy production and resource utilization. The study further investigates the synthesis methods and catalytic performance of hierarchically porous zeolite catalysts, encompassing various techniques such as hard-templating, soft-templating, and non-templating approaches. Various materials, such as carbonaceous substances, polymers, and inorganics, are utilized as sacrificial templates for the hard-templating method. The soft-template methods have the advantages of tunable size, adjustable functionality, and more versatility. Furthermore, the article discusses post-synthesis treatments involving demetalation and chemical leaching. It is noted that hierarchically porous zeolite catalysts demonstrate enhanced catalytic performance due to improved diffusion properties. Future research can emphasize the understanding of synergistic effects between micropores and mesopores and operation cost reduction of catalysts.