Low-Frequency Ultrasound Effects on Cellulose Nanocrystals for Potential Application in Stabilizing Pickering Emulsions

Cellulose, in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), is a promising biomaterial for stabilizing Pickering emulsions (PEs). PEs are commonly formed using low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) treatment and impact CNC properties. The present study investigated the specific effects of LFU treatment on CNCs' chemical and physical properties. CNCs were characterized using dynamic light scattering, ζ;-potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurement. CNC suspensions were studied using rheological analysis and static multiple light scattering. LFU treatment broke CNC aggregates and modified the rheological behavior of CNC suspensions but did not affect the CNCs' chemical or crystallographic structures, surface charge, or hydrophilic properties. During the storage of CNC suspensions and PEs, liquid crystal formation was observed with cross-polarized light. Hypotheses related to the impact of liquid crystal CNCs on PE stability were proposed.