Insights into spinach domestication from genomes sequences of two wild spinach progenitors,Spinacia turkestanicaandS. tetrandra

Abstract Cultivated spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) is a dioecious species (with male and female flowers on separate individuals). We report high-quality genome assemblies for its two closest wild relatives, S. turkestanica and S. tetrandra , which are also dioecious, to study the genetics of spinach domestication. Using a combination of genomic approaches, we assembled genome sequences of both these species, and analysed them in comparison to the previously assembled S. oleracea genome. These species diverged approximately 6.3 million years ago (Mya), while cultivated spinach split from S. turkestanica (its probable direct progenitor) 0.8 Mya. A common feature of all three species is that all six chromosomes include very large gene-poor, repeat-rich regions. In S. oleracea , these correspond with pericentromeric regions with very low recombination rates in both male and female genetic maps, and we infer that the similar pericentromeric regions in the wild species also recombine rarely. Although these regions include a low proportion of Spinacia genes, many genes are nevertheless within them, and they must be considered when analyzing selection during domestication. As a first approach to the difficult question of detecting genes involved in spinach domestication, we characterized 282 structural variants (SVs) whose frequencies are higher in a set of spinach accessions than in the wild species, suggesting that they mark genome regions that have been selected during domestication. These regions include genes associated with leaf margin type and flowering time. We also describe evidence that the downy mildew resistance loci of cultivated spinach are derived from introgression from both wild spinach species.