Review of vanadium and its redox flow batteries for renewable energy storage

As applied renewable energy is rapidly progressing it is essential to seek low-cost and highly efficient large-scale energy storage systems and materials to resolve the sporadic nature of renewable energy resources. Vanadium-based systems such as vanadium redox flow batteries have recently gained much attention. This paper provides a concise overview of the subject of vanadium and its application in redox flow batteries (RFBs). Compared to other energy storage systems, it is certain that vanadium and its applications in RFBs are well-positioned to lead a significant part of the stationary energy storage market in the coming decades due to its many advantages.