Gallic acid impairs fructose-driven de novo lipogenesis and ameliorates hepatic steatosis via AMPK-dependent suppression of SREBP-1/ACC/FASN cascade

Accumulating evidence suggests that de novo lipogenesis is a typical characteristic facilitating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Gallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid with metabolic disease-related clinical significance and preclinical benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-steatotic potentials of GA in a fructose-induced NAFLD mouse model featuring a hepatic lipogenic phenotype. The results revealed that GA alleviated hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in fructose-fed mice. Mechanistically, GA treatment restored AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) phosphorylation, resulting in downregulations of pro-lipogenic factors, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthetase (FASN), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in hepatocytes of mice and in vitro. Furthermore, computational docking analysis indicated that GA could directly interact with AMPKα/β subunits to stabilize its activation. These results suggest that GA ameliorates fructose-induced hepatosteatosis by restraining hepatic lipogenesis via AMPK-dependent suppression of the SREBP-1/ACC/FASN cascade. Altogether, this study demonstrates that GA supplement may be a promising therapeutic strategy in NAFLD, especially in the subset with enhanced hepatic lipogenesis.