Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Regulated Crystallization of Multifunctional Pyridine Molecules

N), and chlorine atom (Cl), enables strong multisite coordination with perovskite components. These unique interactions effectively regulate the perovskite crystallization process, yielding high-quality perovskite films with optimized morphology and reduced defect density. Furthermore, 6-CPS modification improves energy level alignment and enhances the optoelectronic performance of the devices. As a result, the optimized 6-CPS-modified devices achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.56%. Notably, the 6-CPS-treated devices exhibit significantly improved stability, retaining 85.44% of their initial PCE after 720 h of accelerated aging under 65 ± 5% relative humidity.