Mechanisms and measures to modulate T cell trafficking for amplified and tolerogenic immunity

As the crucial components of immunity, T cell populations serve as the most multipotent force in exerting adaptive immunity for either providing protective reaction against tumorigenesis and microbial infection or sustaining long-term immunological tolerance/homeostasis. In fact, the diversiform migratory modes and accurate spatiotemporal positioning in vivo of T cells, strikingly modulate their versatile biological activities in both secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and homeostatic/inflamed tissues, under physiological or pathological conditions. Therefore, the intrinsic mechanisms and pharmacological modulation measures to manipulate the chemotaxis of diversified T cell subgroups, could be deemed as the critical cartographers of the immune landscape. Herein, we systemically elaborated the existing mechanisms and regulation strategies of directionally trafficking endogenous and exogenous T cells into SLOs and/or peripheral tissues/foci (e.g. neoplastic lesions, infectious focus, autoimmune regions, allergy locus, and allografts sites), leading to the immune amplification and immune tolerance, and multifunctional and diversified nano-platforms contribute a lot to augment effectiveness and biosafety of regulation strategies by co-delivering serval molecules to achieve synergistic effect and modifying biological stability. Moreover, we here briefly reviewed antigen-reactive or antigen-tolerogenic T cells-based clinical explorations for combatting multifarious disorders. Furthermore, we proposed some insights into the future development of anti-tumor and anti-autoimmune disease immunotherapies involving regulating T cells’ migratory manners as well.