Pressure-dependent flow enhancement in carbon nanotubes

It is a known and experimentally verified fact that the flow of pressure-driven nanoconfined fluids cannot be accurately described by the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with non-slip boundary conditions, and the measured volumetric flow rates are much higher than those predicted by macroscopical continuum models. In particular, the flow enhancement factors (the ratio between the flow rates directly measured by experiments or simulations and those predicted by the non-slip NS equation) reported by previous studies have more than five orders of magnitude differences. We showcased an anomalous phenomenon in which the flow enhancement exhibits a non-monotonic correlation with fluid pressure within the carbon nanotube with a diameter of 2 nm. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the inconsistency of flow behaviors is attributed to the phase transition of nanoconfined fluid induced by fluid pressures. The nanomechanical mechanisms are contributed by complex hydrogen-bonding interactions and regulated water orientations. This study suggests a method for explaining the inconsistency of flow enhancements by considering the pressure-dependent molecular structures.