Evaluation of fluoride emissions and pollution from an electrolytic aluminum plant located in Yunnan province

The monitoring and evaluation of fluoride pollution are essentially important to make sure that concentrations do not exceed threshold limit, especially for surrounding atmosphere and soil, which are located close to the emission source. This study aimed to describe the atmospheric HF and edaphic fluoride distribution from an electrolytic aluminum plant located in Yunnan province, on which the effects of meteorological conditions, time, and topography were explored. Meanwhile, six types of solid waste genereted from different electrolytic aluminum process nodes were characterized to analyze the fluoride content and formation characteristics. The results showed that fluoride in solid waste mainly existed in the form of Na3AlF6, AlF3, CaF2, and SiF4. Spent electrolytes, carbon residue, and workshop dust are critical contributors to fluoride emissions in the primary aluminum production process, and the fluorine content is 17.14 %, 33.30 %, and 31.34 %, respectively. Unorganized emissions from electrolytic aluminum plants and solid waste generation are the primary sources of fluoride in the environment, among which the edaphic fluoride content increases most at the sampling sites S1 and S7. In addition, the atmospheric HF concentration showed significant correlations with wind speed, varying wildly from March to September, with daily average and hourly maximum HF concentrations of 4.32 μg/m3 and 9.0 μg/m3, respectively. The results of the study are crucial for mitigating fluorine pollution in the electrolytic aluminum industry.