Graphitic carbon nitride prepared from urea as a photocatalyst for visible-light carbon dioxide reduction with the aid of a mononuclear ruthenium(II) complex

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) was synthesized by heating urea at different temperatures (773–923 K) in air, and was examined as a photocatalyst for CO 2 reduction. With increasing synthesis temperature, the conversion of urea into g-C 3 N 4 was facilitated, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The as-synthesized g-C 3 N 4 samples, further modified with Ag nanoparticles, were capable of reducing CO 2 into formate under visible light (λ > 400 nm) in the presence of triethanolamine as an electron donor, with the aid of a molecular Ru(II) cocatalyst (RuP). The CO 2 reduction activity was improved by increasing the synthesis temperature of g-C 3 N 4 , with the maximum activity obtained at 873–923 K. This trend was also consistent with that observed in photocatalytic H 2 evolution using Pt-loaded g-C 3 N 4 . The photocatalytic activities of RuP/g-C 3 N 4 for CO 2 reduction and H 2 evolution were thus shown to be strongly associated with the generation of the crystallized g-C 3 N 4 phase.