Association Between Low Serum Iron and Transferrin Saturation and Incident Heart Failure: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Iron plays an essential role in human oxygen transport and energy metabolism, particularly in organs with high energy demands, such as the heart. Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients with heart failure (HF)1, but the causes of ID and the temporal relationship between ID and HF are unknown. It is unclear whether ID precedes the onset of HF, develops as a secondary condition, or is associated with co-morbidities. We therefore aimed to evaluate whether low serum iron (S-iron) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) are associated with an increased risk of incident HF.