Welding‐Based 3D, 4D, 5D Printing

Many novel technologies are emerging on the market every day that improve the lifespan and quality of products. In the manufacturing field, the world rapidly adopts new technologies used for printing these products, viz., processes like three-dimensional printing (3DP), four-dimensional printing (4DP), and five-dimensional printing (5DP). Although many are still in the early stages of development, they already have a lot of promise. The 3D and 4D printing technologies have opened new windows for a better future in various fields, especially in the production field. These new technologies, which are very successful at producing complex shapes, are being used in many sectors—from small-scale to large-scale industries. Although 5D printing is still a recent technological innovation, we are already familiar with the benefits of 3DP and 4DP and are not limited to printing only 3D objects. Therefore, the application of this technology continues to be an intriguing subject. Thus, our goal is to clarify these technologies and outline how they differ from the widely used 3D printing method for welding purposes across various fields.