Catalyst- and Stoichiometry-Dependent Deoxygenative Reduction of Esters to Ethers or Alcohols with Borane–Ammonia

A facile and selective room temperature deoxygenation of both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic esters to ethers has been achieved by regulating the stoichiometry of the reductant, BH₃-NH₃, and the catalyst, TiCl₄. This first, practical borane-mediated process is compatible with various potentially sensitive functional groups and is applicable to the deoxygenative ether formation from typically challenging aromatic acid esters. Substituting BF₃-Et₂O as the catalyst alters the reaction pathway, reducing the esters to alcohols. Mechanistic insights are provided by NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, and kinetic isotope studies.