Nanodiamonds

Nanodiamonds (NDs) on the nanoscale are now being used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Before delving into NDs' research capabilities, this chapter summarizes the fundamental features of NDs, including structure, classification, preparation, and physical and chemical characteristics. NDs can be sorted by size into nanocrystalline or ultrananocrystalline. These substances have existed for millions of years and can be found in the earth's sediment layers, in extraterrestrial materials, and in natural petroleum. High-pressure high-temperature NDs consist of substitutional nitrogen impurities, which lead to highly fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy centers upon appropriate treatment. As a result, they have been found to be particularly useful biomarkers. Historically, the first reported NDs to be used were detonation. Chemical vapor deposition is one of the most versatile thin-film deposition techniques employed for nanocrystalline diamond film synthesis.