Se (IV)-Doped Monodisperse Spherical TiO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles for Adhesively Bonded Joint Reinforcing: Synthesis and Characterization

<div>This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of monodisperse spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles doped on the surface with Se (IV) in order to increase the mechanical properties of the bonded joint reinforcing. Work will begin with the synthesis of monodisperse quasi-spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles with a modal diameter of less than 20 nm, using the sol-gel technique. Se (IV) selenium surface doping changed the specimen’s chemistry and physics. Different initial concentrations of the doping element will be tested. Next, a physicochemical characterization of the different solid systems will be carried out in order to determine the effect of the doping element on the properties of titanium dioxide. Their morphology and size will be studied through transmission electron microscope observations; volume chemical composition by X-ray diffraction analysis, EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray), and XRF (X-ray fluorescence). The careful selection of 4% and 6% concentrations produced the optimum nanoparticle increase and cohesive structure preservation. These findings demonstrate that Se (IV)-doped monodisperse spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles may improve adhesive junction mechanical properties, enabling the development of better adhesive formulations.</div>