Combining Network Pharmacology and Transcriptomic Strategies to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanism of Total Ginsenoside Ginseng Root and Its Impact on Antidepressant Effects

Depression is one of the most common neurological diseases, which imposes a substantial social and economic burden on modern society. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of total ginsenoside ginseng root (TGGR) in the treatment of depression through a comprehensive strategy combining network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and in vivo experimental validation. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and literature were used to collect the main components and targets of TGGR. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced C57BL/6 mouse model was used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of TGGR. The results showed that TGGR improved depression-like behavior in mice and increased the decrease in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels caused by CUMS. Combined network pharmacology and transcriptomic analysis showed that the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway mainly enriched the core target. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to confirm whether TGGR exerts antidepressant effects by regulating this pathway. The results showed that TGGR has a regulatory impact on related proteins in the AMPK pathway, and the regulatory effect of TGGR on proteins was inhibited after the administration of related pathway inhibitors. In summary, total ginsenosides may regulate the AMPK signaling pathway and activate the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) pathway to have therapeutic effects on depression.