PPARG activation by pioglitazone promotes mitophagy and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate arthritic joint inflammation and bone damage

3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACP5/TRAP: acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; ALUM: aluminum hydroxide adjuvant; ANOVA: analysis of variance; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; BV:TV: bone volume:tissue volume; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FG: Fast Green; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GSDMD: gasdermin D; IL1B/IL1-BETA: interleukin 1 beta; IL18: interleukin 18; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; Micro-CT: micro-computed tomography; MSU: monosodium urate; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; mtROS: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NLRP1B: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1B; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NLRC4: NLR family, CARD domain containing 4; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PIOG: pioglitazone; PPARG/PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; ROS: reactive oxygen species; STA: serum transfer arthritis; STZ: streptozotocin; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Tb.N: trabecular number; Tb.Sp: trabecular separation; Tb.Th: trabecular thickness; THP-1: human monocytic leukemia cell line; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20.