Stomach Cancer Identification Based on Exhaled Breath Analysis: A Review

Abstract Early prediction of cancer is crucial for effective treatment decisions. Stomach cancer is one of the worst malignancies in the world because it does not reveal the growth in symptoms. In recent years, non-invasive diagnostic methods, particularly exhaled breath analysis, have attracted interest for detecting stomach cancer. This review discusses both invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods for stomach cancer, with a special emphasis on breath analysis and electronic nose (e-nose) technology. Various analytical methods have been engaged to analyze Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with stomach cancer, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) being one of the most widely used techniques. This review discusses non-invasive breath methods, along with the integration of e-nose systems. These techniques enable the detection and analysis of VOCs, offering a promising route for early stomach cancer diagnosis. To overcome the challenges associated with conventional methods, the e-nose system has been introduced as a cost-effective and portable alternative for VOC detection. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the e-nose system. This review recommends that e-nose sensors, combined with advanced pattern recognition techniques, be utilized to enable rapid and reliable diagnosis of stomach cancer.