Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) as a Solution of Decrease Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) in Aging

Advances in the control of infectious diseases have contributed to increasing life expectancy. As a result, the aging population has increased. Data shows that there were 771 million elderly in 2022, which is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion in 2050. This condition causes changes in disease patterns that lead to diseases related to age and aging. Recently, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has received much attention. Therefore, the authors made this review article using the literature review method to describe role of NMN as an anti-aging modality and prevention of disease associated with a decrease in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Decreased NAD+ levels occur through several mechanisms, including activation of PARP-1 by oxidative stress, consumption of NAD+ by CD38 enzymes and sirtuins, injury induced by sterile alpha and toll/interleukin receptor motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) in axon degeneration, and increased mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). NMN can increase NAD+ levels in the Salvage and Preiss-Handler pathways so that they will make a positive impact on aging, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, obesity, cerebral ischemia, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. The administration of NMN in low doses does not cause significant side effects. Keywords: aging, anti-aging, NAD+, NMN