Trends in the Preparation and Passivation Techniques of Black Phosphorus Nanostructures for Optoelectronics Applications: A Review

Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW)-layered nanomaterial, has attracted explosive study due to the rediscovery of its 2D counterparts (phosphorene) in 2014. Because of its unique structures, superior electrical and optoelectronic capabilities, and compatibility with silicon-based technologies, it is considered a viable material for high-performance photodetection. Controlled ways for the scalable synthesis of good quality large-sized BP are sought to achieve these wonderful expectations, but perfect methodologies are currently lacking. Meanwhile, cutting-edge research shows that the instability of BP under ambient conditions poses a substantial difficulty in a variety of applications. Here, not only an extensive overview of preparation methods but also a summary of the passivation strategy, photoelectric application, and challenges of BP are provided.