Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by viral dsDNA leading to M1 polarization of macrophages mediates antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus

The results suggest that macrophages can endocytose HBV particles. Additionally, viral dsDNA can be recognized by DNA pattern recognition receptors, which in turn activate the cGAS-STING pathway, promoting the M1 polarization of macrophages, while no significant M2 polarization is observed. Macrophages stimulated with HBV particles exhibit enhanced antiviral activity against HBV.