Self-Healing Conductive Hydrogels with Dynamic Dual Network Structure Accelerate Infected Wound Healing via Photothermal Antimicrobial and Regulating Inflammatory Response

Wound infections are an escalating clinical challenge with continuous inflammatory response and the threat of drug-resistant bacteria. Herein, a series of self-healing conductive hydrogels were designed based on carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate/polymerized gallic acid/Fe³⁺ (CMC/OSA/pGA/Fe³⁺, COGFe) for promoting infected wound healing. The Schiff base and catechol-Fe³⁺ chelation in the dynamical dual network structure of the hydrogels endowed dressings with good toughness, conductivity, adhesion, and self-healing properties, thus flexibly adapting to the deformation of skin wounds. In terms of ultraviolet (UV) resistance and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the hydrogels significantly reduced oxidative stress at the wound site. Additionally, the hydrogels with photothermal therapy (PTT) achieved a 95% bactericidal rate in 5 min of near-infrared (NIR) light radiation by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane structure through elevated temperature. Meanwhile, the inherent antimicrobial properties of GA could reduce healthy tissue damage caused by excessive heat. The composite hydrogels could effectively promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and possess good biocompatibility and hemostatic effect. In full-thickness infected wound repair experiments in rats, the COGFe5 hydrogel combined with NIR effectively killed bacteria, modulated macrophage polarization (M1 to M2 phenotype) to improve the immune microenvironment of the wound, and shortened the repair time by accelerating the expression of collagen deposition (TGF-β) and vascular factors (CD31). This combined therapy might provide a prospective strategy for infectious wound treatment.