The grape seed extract: a natural antimicrobial agent against different pathogens

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms is presently known as a global challenge. An effective alternative is critical to guarantee an operative paradigm shift in the epidemic of resistance. The antimicrobial effects of grape seed extract (GSE) have been reported against a broad range of microbes. This study is an updated overview of the antimicrobial effect of GSE against different pathogens. The available reports from various studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases regarding the antimicrobial effect of GSE was evaluated. The GSE is rich sources of phenolic compounds. GSE can inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria depended on its concentrations, phenolic content, and tested bacterial species. The GSE is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to have inhibitory effects against several clinically important viruses and fungi. The antibiofilm effect of GSE also has been described in some studies. The significant side effects of GSE have not reported and it is almost safe. GSE may be a promising source for new generations of antimicrobial agents in the food industry and clinical setting.