Fluorocarbon Refrigerants and their Syntheses: Past to Present

化学 氟碳化合物 制冷剂 背景(考古学) 阿什拉1.90 纳米技术 生化工程 高分子科学 有机化学 机械工程 工程类 热交换器 古生物学 材料科学 气象学 生物 物理
作者
Alexandre J. Sicard,R. Tom Baker
出处
期刊:Chemical Reviews [American Chemical Society]
卷期号:120 (17): 9164-9303 被引量:146
标识
DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00719
摘要

This Review chronicles the progress made in the field of small fluorocarbon synthesis since their invention in the early 1930s by Thomas Midgley, Jr., and his coworkers, with special focus on their application as refrigerants, foam expansion agents, aerosol propellants, and precision solvents. Divided into four generations of C1–C4 halocarbons from CFCs through HCFCs, HFCs, and HFOs, the merits and challenges of each will be discussed in the context of market demands, as well as the evolution of industrial manufacturing methods. Vital transformations, such as exchange (Swarts) fluorination, hydrodehalogenation, dehydrohalogenation, and additions (Kharasch or Prins) will feature prominently and will be discussed in detail, as well as catalysts therefor. Of the myriad of fluorocarbons described herein, the models which have reached particular commercial significance (such as chlorodifluoromethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) are given special consideration as flag-bearers for the generation to which they belong. Regulatory constraints to which this industry is bound will be outlined in brief, as well as an introduction to safety designations and nomenclature put forth by the American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). This Review includes predominantly works which can only be found in the patent literature, but should be of equal interest to both academic and industrial practitioners of the art as it centers on fundamentals of organofluorine chemistry, which could equally be applied to the synthesis of larger molecules and building blocks for other applications.
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