Studies of thiamine biosynthesis

In Escherichia coli, and other prokaryotes, thiamine (vitamin B1) is assembled by coupling 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate (Hmp-PP) and 4-methyl-5-(?-hydroxyethyl)thiazole phosphate (Thz-P). The thiazole moiety is biosynthesised from 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate, tyrosine, and cysteine, and at least six genes are required including thiH, thiG, thiS, and thiF. Whilst in aerobes, the C2-N3 fragment of Thz-P derives from glycine in a reaction catalysed by the flavoenzyme ThiO, in anaerobes such as E. coli, dehydroglycine is formed from tyrosine in a ThiH dependent reaction. This biosynthetic step requires the cleavage of the C?-C? bond of tyrosine and a release of an aromatic side chain. ThiH shows sequence similarity with the ‘radical S-adenosylmethionine’ (AdoMet) family of proteins, including conserved cysteine ligands to the essential [4Fe-4S] cluster and has been shown to form a complex with ThiG. With the purpose of studying the mechanistic enzymology by which Thz-P is assembled it was crucial to isolate ThiH in the holo-form. Several expression systems and purification methodologies were investigated. The optimisation of the purification method, together with in vitro chemical reconstitution with exogenous iron and sulfide allowed the successful isolation of holo-ThiH. To facilitate the mechanistic investigation of Thz-P biosynthesis, an in vitro assay was developed, and the reaction products formed in vitro were elucidated and quantified. The aromatic by-product derived from the side chain of tyrosine is p-cresol and the remaining fragment yields glyoxylate, a product of hydrolysis of dehydroglycine