3-Fucosyllactose and 3′-sialyllactose combined with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 1.0320 alleviate necrotizing enterocolitis by modulating the gut microbiota and regulating NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways

1.0320 combined with 3-FL and 3'-SL alleviated intestinal injury in NEC through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, intestinal barrier function, immune balance, and gut microbiota homeostasis.