Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells

Photoaging and glycation stress are major causes of skin deterioration. Oxidative stress caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation can upregulate matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1), a major enzyme responsible for collagen damage in the skin. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate via gradual formation from skin proteins, especially from long-lived proteins such as dermal elastin and collagen. Plantamajoside (PM), isolated from Plantago asiatica, has various biological effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of PM on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) against stress caused by glyceraldehyde-induced AGEs (glycer-AGEs) with UVB irradiation. We found that PM attenuated UVB- and-glycer-AGEs-induced MMP-1 expression in HaCaT and HDF cells and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activated by reactive oxygen species. Specific inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPKs attenuated the induced expression of MMP-1. PM also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in these cells. Furthermore, PM attenuated the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) by glycer-AGEs with UVB irradiation. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest that PM is a promising inhibitor of skin photoaging.